2018—2021年临床常见胆道感染病原菌分布及耐药性变迁

目的分析 2018—2021年我院胆道感染患者病原菌构成及耐药性变迁。方法:收集 2018—2021年天津市南开医院胆道感染病原菌,采用 VITEK2 Compact对其进行鉴定及药敏检测,药敏结果按照 CLSI 2020年版标准判定,数据采用 WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析。结果:胆汁培养共分离出病原菌 4 906株,其中革兰阴性菌 3 306株,占 67.39%;革兰阳性菌 1 494株,占 30.45%;真菌 106株,占 2.16%。耐碳青霉烯的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为 2.31%、12.99%。非发酵菌中碳青霉烯类耐药的铜绿假单胞菌( CRPA)和鲍曼不动杆菌( CRAB)检出率分别为 62.88%、 70.59%。耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA)和耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (MRCNS)检出率分别为 45.71%、 64.40%,未发现对万古霉素、喹努普汀 /达福普汀、利奈唑胺、替加环素耐药的葡萄球菌属。肠球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替加环素的耐药性均较低,万古霉素耐药的屎肠球菌( VRE)检出率 0.67%。结论:胆道感染患者病原菌以肠源性细菌为主,主要为革兰阴性菌,多重耐药菌增加,应密切关注胆道感染常见菌群的分布及耐药性变迁。     

急诊绿色通道护理对创伤性膈疝患者救治成功率的影响

目的探究急诊绿色通道护理对创伤性膈疝患者就治成功率的影响。 方法回顾性分析2015年11月至2019年5月,南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的40例创伤性膈疝患者。按急诊护理方法的不同分为对照组和观察组,各20例。对照组行常规护理,观察组行急诊绿色通道护理。分析2组急诊相关指标、术后康复指标,2组护理后1个月的复发率、救治成功率及并发症发生率。采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行数据分析。 结果与对照组比较,观察组急诊科抢救时间、辅助检查时间、从救治到送入手术室时间、术后机械通气时间均缩短,术后24 h动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）;护理后观察组和对照组的复发率分别为5.00%、25.00%,救治成功率分别为100.00%、90.00%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;护理后观察组并发症总发生率（10.00%）显著低于对照组（45.00%）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论急诊绿色通道护理缩短了创伤性膈疝患者的抢救时间,使患者尽早脱离危险,减少创伤性膈疝患者并发症发生率,可有效改善患者预后。     

Efficacy and tolerance of immune checkpoint inhibitors in transplant patients with cancer: A systematic review

Solid organ transplant (SOT) is frequently complicated by cancers, which render immunosuppression challenging. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as treatments for many cancers. Data are lacking regarding efficacy and rejection risk in the SOT population. We conducted a systematic literature review and analyzed 83 cases of immune checkpoint inhibitor use for cancer in SOT. Two thirds of these patients received anti–programmed death ligand 1 therapy, 15.7% received anti–cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4 therapy, and 10.8% received a combination. Allograft rejection occurred in 39.8% of patients, leading to end‐stage organ failure in 71.0% of cases. Outcomes were similar across organs and immunotherapy regimens. The use of immunosuppressants other than steroids, time since transplant, and prior episodes of rejection were associated with the risk of rejection. The median overall survival of patients was 36 weeks. Most of the deaths were related to cancer progression. In nonkidney recipients, graft rejection was strongly associated with worse survival. At the end of the study, 19.3% of the patients were alive, free from rejection and tumor progression. This study highlights the difficult tradeoff facing oncologists and transplant specialists managing transplant recipients with cancer, and the need for prospective data and novel biomarkers for identifying the patients likely to benefit from immunotherapy in the SOT setting.     

Predictors of postoperative emergency department visits after laparoscopic bariatric surgery

BackgroundPostoperative emergency department (ED) visits are a quality metric for bariatric surgical programs. Predictive factors of ED visits that do not result in readmission are not clear.ObjectivesWe aimed to identify predictors of ED visits in patients without readmission after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB).SettingThe Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database.MethodsThe MBSAQIP database was queried for patients who underwent LSG and LRYGB from 2015 through 2017. Patients were grouped by those who presented to the ED (ED group) and those who did not. ED visits analyzed included only those that did not result in readmission. Multivariable forward selection logistic regression was used to report adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% CIs for ED visits.ResultsOf 276,073 patients, 257,985 (93.4%) were in the group who did not present to the ED, and 18,088 (6.6%) were in the ED group. Most underwent LSG (71.9%) versus LRYGB (28.1%). Multivariable forward logistic regression identified outpatient treatment for dehydration (AOR, 22.26; 95% CI, 21.30–23.27; P < .001) as the most predictive factor of an ED visit, followed by urinary tract infection (AOR, 7.25; 95% CI, 6.22–8.46; P < .001), wound disruption (AOR, 4.63; 95% CI, 3.09–6.96; P < .001), and surgical site infection (AOR, 3.80; 95% CI, 3.38–4.28; P < .001).ConclusionsPostoperative complications were the strongest predictors of ED visits after laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Quality improvement initiatives should target these variables to decrease postoperative ED visits.     

抗结核药缓释涂层在兔脊柱结核模型体内的抗结核性能及组织相容性观察

目的:观察抗结核药异烟肼(H)、利福平(R)、吡嗪酰胺(Z)缓释涂层在兔脊柱结核模型体内的抗结核性能及组织相容性。方法:选取健康新西兰兔构建L4/5脊柱结核模型,将建模成功的60只模型兔随机分为A、B、C三组,每组20只,其中A组(实验组)病灶清除术后植入包裹HRZ缓释涂层的自体髂骨;B组(对照组)病灶清除术后植入包裹空白涂层的自体髂骨;C组(空白对照组)病灶清除术后单纯植入自体髂骨。术后观察实验兔一般状况及伤口情况;造模前1d、病灶清除术前及术后1d、3d、7d、14d、28d、56d、84d、112d进行血沉(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)检测;术前以及术后14d、28d、56d进行肝肾功能检测;术后28d时A组随机处死5只兔,取心脏、肝脏、脊髓、脾脏及肾脏组织制作病理切片观察;术后56d行脊柱X线片检查后,每组随机处死5只兔在植骨部位局部取材进行骨-材料界面组织病理学观察。结果:术后B组1只兔切口感染,C组1只兔死亡、1只兔截瘫,其余兔术后一般状况良好。三组造模前和手术前的ESR和CRP均无统计学差异(P0.05);三组手术前的ESR和CRP均较造模前显著性升高(P0.01)。三组术后1d时ESR和CRP均较术前显著性升高,3d时CRP达到峰值,7d时ESR达到高峰,此后逐渐下降;A组至术后56d时CRP降至造模前水平,84d时ESR降至造模前水平;B、C组至112d时CRP和ESR均仍显著性高于造模前水平(P0.05)。A组术后7d、56d、84d及112d的ESR和CRP均低于同时间点B、C组(P0.05),B组与C组同时间点无显著性差异(P0.05)。三组间术前和术后14d、28d、56d的肝、肾功能指标比较均无统计学差异(P0.05);三组术后14d、28d、56d的肝、肾功能指标与术前比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。术后28d时A组心脏、肝脏、脾脏、脊髓及肾脏组织未见器质性改变及组织损伤征象。术后56d时A组植骨融合情况优于B组及C组(P0.05),骨-材料界面组织病理切片骨小梁面积显著性高于B组及C组(P0.01)。结论:HRZ缓释涂层在兔体内具有优良的抗结核性能和组织相容性。     

中老年高血压患者使用培哚普利治疗3年对骨密度及骨代谢指标的影响

目的探索中老年高血压患者使用培哚普利治疗3年对骨密度及骨代谢指标的影响。方法 138例老年高血压并骨质疏松患者随机分为治疗组(n=69)和对照组(n=69)。治疗组患者给予培哚普利治疗,对照组给予苯磺酸左旋氯氨地平片治疗。治疗3年,测定治疗前及治疗后36个月的血清Ⅰ型胶原交联C末端肽(CTX),抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)和骨特异性碱性磷酸酶(BALP)和骨密度值(腰椎L_(1-4)及股骨粗隆、左侧股骨颈、Ward三角区)的水平。结果治疗后3年后,两组BALP及腰椎L_(1-4)及股骨粗隆、左侧股骨颈、Ward三角区BMD水平显著升高,而CTX和TRAP水平显著降低(P0. 05);而治疗组治疗后BALP、s-CTX、TRAPL及腰椎L_(1-4)及股骨粗隆、左侧股骨颈、Ward三角区BMD水平改变显著优于对照组(P0. 05)。结论长期培哚普利治疗对高血压合并骨质疏松患者的骨密度和骨代谢有一定的疗效。     

Why do some trauma patients die while others survive? A matched-pair analysis based on data from Trauma Register DGU®

Purpose: The mortality rate for severely injured patients with the injury severity score (ISS) 16 has decreased in Germany. There is robust evidence that mortality is influenced not only by the acute trauma itself but also by physical health, age and sex. The aim of this study was to identify other possible influences on the mortality of severely injured patients. Methods: In a matched-pair analysis of data from Trauma Register DGU®, non-surviving patients from Germany between 2009 and 2014 with an ISS 16 were compared with surviving matching partners. Matching was performed on the basis of age, sex, physical health, injury pattern, trauma mechanism, conscious state at the scene of the accident based on the Glasgow coma scale, and the presence of shock on arrival at the emergency room. Results: We matched two homogeneous groups, each of which consisted of 657 patients (535 male, average age 37 years). There was no significant difference in the vital parameters at the scene of the accident, the length of the pre-hospital phase, the type of transport (ground or air), pre-hospital fluid management and amounts, ISS, initial care level, the length of the emergency room stay, the care received at night or from on-call personnel during the weekend, the use of abdominal sonographic imaging, the type of X-ray imaging used, and the percentage of patients who developed sepsis. We found a significant difference in the new injury severity score, the frequency of multi-organ failure, hemoglobine at admission, base excess and international normalized ratio in the emergency room, the type of accident (fall or road traffic accident), the pre-hospital intubation rate, reanimation, in-hospital fluid management, the frequency of transfusion, tomography (whole-body computed tomography), and the necessity of emergency intervention. Conclusion: Previously postulated factors such as the level of care and the length of the emergency room stay did not appear to have a significant influence in this study. Further studies should be conducted to analyse the identified factors with a view to optimising the treatment of severely injured patients. Our study shows that there are significant factors that can predict or influence the mortality of severely injured patients.